| Written on tablets of stone
and scrolls (2 Cor. 3:3,7; Exod. 24:4,7; 34:1; Deut.
4:13) |
Written on human hearts (2
Cor. 3:3; Heb. 8:10; Jer. 31:33) |
| Old covenant ratified or inaugurated
with the blood of animals (Exod. 24:1-8; Heb. 9:18-20) |
New covenant inaugurated with
the precious blood of Christ (Matt. 26:28; Mark 14:24;
Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11:25; Heb. 10:29; 13:20) |
| Given to Earthly kingdom (Exod.
19:5-6) |
Given to a Heavenly kingdom
(John 18:36; Col. 1:13; Heb. 12:28; Luke 22:29-30; Rev.
1:6) |
| Entrance by physical, natural
birth (Gen. 17:9-10) |
Entrance by spiritual birth
(John 3:3-7) |
| Earthly nation of Israel (Gen.
12:2; Exod. 19:6) |
Spiritual nation—composed
of all nations (1 Peter 2:9; Matt. 21:43; cf. Luke 24:47;
Rev. 7:9) |
| God’s focus on one nation
and special revelation to that one nation alone (Deut.
5:1-2; 7:6-16) |
Gospel of Christ given to
all nations and every person in the world (Matt. 28:19;
Mark 16:15; Luke 24:47; Acts 1:8) |
| Earthly king over the kingdom
(1 Sam. 8:5, 19-20; 10:1) |
Heavenly king over the kingdom
(John 18:36-37; Rev. 19:16) |
| Earthly land promised and
given (Gen. 13:14-15; 17:8; Josh. 21:43; Deut. 7:1) |
Heavenly country (Heb. 11:16;
Phil. 3:20; John 14:1-3) and new heavens and new earth
promised (2 Peter 3:13; Rev. 21:1-2) |
| Earthly city of Jerusalem
(2 Sam. 5:9; Psalm 48:1-2) |
Heavenly city, the new Jerusalem
(Heb. 12:22; 13:14; Rev. 21:2) |
| Worship in the city of Jerusalem
(Luke 2:41; Deut. 16:16) |
Gathered worship not limited
to central location (John 4:20-24) |
| Messiah promised (Deut. 18:15-19;
Isaiah 7:14; 11:1ff; 52:13-53:12) |
Messiah given (Luke 24:25-26,
44-48; Acts 3:13-26; 8:30-35; Gal. 4:4) |
| Aaronic high-priesthood (Exod.
28:1,29,41,43; 29:1-9; Lev. 8) |
Perfect Priesthood of Christ
(Heb. 3:1; 4:14-16; 5:1-10; cf. 7:25; 9:24) |
| Ordinary priests as mediators
(Luke 1:5,8-9) |
Priesthood of all believers
with no human mediators (1 Pet. 2:5,9; Rev. 1:6; cf.
Heb. 13:15-16; Rom. 12:1-2) |
| Many and varied physical sacrifices
of animals and birds (Lev. 1-7; Heb. 9:22) |
Single, once-for-all, perfect
sacrifice of Christ (Heb. 9:11-14, 24-28; 10:11-12) |
| Clear distinction between
priests and Levites, and the common people (Num. 3:6-10;
18:21-24; Deut. 12:19; 18:6-8) |
Every Christian serves with
special gifts from God (Rom. 12:3-8; 15:14; Eph. 4:11-16;
1 Peter 4:10-11; cf. 1 Cor. 12:7-11) |
| Swearing of oaths practiced
to confirm truthfulness (Lev. 19:12; Num. 30:2) |
"Yes" and "no" expected
to be sufficient—no swearing needed (Matt. 5:34-37;
James 5:12) |
| Seventh day Sabbath as day
of rest (Ex. 20:8-11; 35:1-3; Deut. 5:12-15; Neh. 9:13-14;
cf. Mark 1:21; 2:23; 6:2; Luke 4:16,31; John 5:9; Acts
13:14; 16:13; 17:2) |
First day, the Lord’s
day, as day of gathering with believers (Acts 20:7; 1
Cor. 16:2; cf. Rev. 1:10; Col. 2:16-17; Rom. 14:5-6;
Gal. 4:10-11) |
| Passover a memorial of physical
deliverance from bondage in Egypt (Exod. 12:1-28; Deut.
16:3,6) |
Lord’s supper a memorial
of spiritual deliverance from sin through Christ (Matt.
26:26-29; 1 Cor. 11:23-26) |
| Passover lamb or goat offered
to save the firstborn (Exod. 12:5-11) |
Christ is our Passover to
save believers (1 Cor. 5:7-8; cf. John 1:29) |
| Praise with mechanical instrumental
music, and often associated with Temple Levitical worship
(2 Sam. 6:5; 1 Chron. 15:16; 16:4-6, 42; 23:5; 2
Chron 5:12-13; 29:26-28; Psalm 150)
|
Praise to God and to edify
one another with vocal music or singing, making melody
with the heart (Eph. 5:18-19; Col. 3:16-17; 1 Cor. 14:26;
cf. Matt. 26:30; Mark 14:26) |
| Tabernacle and temple incense
offered to God (Exod. 37:25-29) |
The "incense" of
prayers offered to God (Rev. 5:8; 8:3-4) |
| Tithing—giving 2/10 or
3/10 of all income to the Lord (Lev. 27:30-33; Num. 18:21-24;
Deut. 12:6; 14:22-29; 26:12-15; 2 Chron. 31:5-10; Neh.
10:37-38; 13:12; Matt. 23:23; Luke 11:42; 18:12) |
Giving generously and liberally
(2 Cor. 8:1-15), abundantly (8:7; 9:6), earnestly and
sincerely (8:8), lovingly (8:8,24), cheerfully (9:7),
sacrificially (8:1-5; Mk. 12:41-44) |
| Divorce tolerated for many
causes (Matt. 19:3-8; Mark 10:2-9; Deut. 24:1-4) |
One man for one woman, as
in the beginning, established as the ideal and norm;
divorce condemned (Matt. 19:4-9; Mark 10:6-12; Luke 16:18;
Romans 7:2-3; 1 Cor. 7:10-11, 39) |
| Polygamy (Exod. 21:10; 1 Sam.
1:1-2; 2 Sam. 5:13; cf. Deut. 25:5; Mark12:19) |
One man for one woman, as
in the beginning; no provision for polygamy (Matt. 19:4-6;
Mark 10:6-8; 1 Cor. 7:2) |
| Wars of extermination commanded
(Deut. 7:1-2; Josh. 6:21; 1 Sam. 15:2-3) |
Peace toward enemies, nonretaliation,
and outgoing love (Matt. 5:38-42; 26:52; Rom. 12:17-21;
1 Thess. 5:15) |
| Physical warfare commanded
toward national enemies (Num. 1:45; 2:32; 1 Sam. 17:45-47;
18:6-7) |
Spiritual warfare against
spiritual enemies using spiritual weapons (2 Cor. 10:3-5;
Eph. 6:10-17; 1 Thess. 5:8; 2 Tim. 2:3-4) |
| Earthly tabernacle and temple
(Exod. 25:1-9, 40; 26-40; 1 Kings 6:1-38; 8:17-21) |
Spiritual temple of God—His
people (1 Cor. 3:16-17; 2 Cor. 6:16; Eph. 2:21-22; 1
Peter 2:5) |
| Earthly riches for the nation
contingent on obedience to the Law (Lev. 26:3-10; Deut.
28:2-14) |
Riches a danger, the poor
blessed, and no national prosperity promised (James 2:5;
1 Cor. 4:11; 2 Cor. 6:10; 8:1-5; 1 Tim. 6:9-10) |
| Ritually clean and unclean
food restrictions imposed (Lev. 11:1-23; Deut. 14:3-20) |
All foods are ritually clean
(Mark 7:19; Acts 10:9-16; 1 Tim. 4:4; Titus 1:15; Rom.
14:14) |
| Many feast days and seasons
required (Exod. 23:14-17; 34:18-26; Lev. 23:4-44; Num.
28:16-40; Deut. 16:1-17) |
No special Judaic feast days
to observe (Col. 2:16-17; Gal. 4:10-11) unless it be
the "feast" of remembering the Lord’s
sacrifice and living for Him in sincerity and truth (1
Cor. 5:7-8) |
| Veil separated the people
from the presence of God (Exod. 26:33; Lev. 16:2; Heb.
9:3) |
"Veil" removed in
Christ, giving full access to God (Heb. 6:19; 10:19-20;
cf. 4:14-16) |
| Physical circumcision of the
flesh (Exod. 12:48; Lev. 12:3; Josh. 5:2-3; Luke 1:59;
John 7:22) |
Spiritual circumcision of
the spirit by Christ (Col. 2:11; cf. 1 Cor. 7:19; Gal.
5:6; 6:15) |
| Focus on doing (Gal. 3:10-12) |
Focus on faith or believing
(Gal. 3:1-9, 22-26) |
| Holy Spirit not given to indwell
the people of God (John 7:39; 14:16-17) |
Holy Spirit promised, given,
and indwells the obedient believer (John 14:16-17; 15:26;
Acts 2:38-39; 5:32; Rom. 5:5; 8:11; Eph. 1:13) |
| Sinful and apostate Israelites
executed by the people of God (Deut. 13:1-11, 12-15;
Lev. 20:10,13,14,15,16,27; Deut. 22:22-25) |
Sinful and apostate Christians
excluded from fellowship by the people of God (1 Cor.
5:1-13; 2 Thess. 3:6-15; Titus 3:10-11; Matt. 18:15-17) |
| Prosperity, plenty, national
prominence and peace promised to the nation that obediently
keeps the covenant (Lev. 26:3-10; Deut. 28:2-14) |
Tribulation, suffering, trials,
hardship, distress, persecution, difficulties, rejection
promised those who are faithful to Christ and obey His
will (Matt. 5:10-12; John 15:18-20; 16:1-2; Acts 5:41;
14:22; Rom. 8:17-18, 35-37; 2 Cor. 12:10; Phil. 1:29;
2 Tim. 3:12) |
Old Covenant
|
New Covenant
|
| Of the letter (2 Cor. 3:6) |
Of the Spirit (2 Cor. 3:6) |
| Ministry of death (2 Cor.
3:6) |
Ministry of the Spirit (2
Cor. 3:9) |
| Ministry of condemnation (2
Cor. 3:9) |
Ministry of righteousness
(2 Cor. 3:9) |
| Came with glory (2 Cor. 3:7) |
Abounds in glory (2 Cor. 3:9) |
| Has no glory (in comparison)
(2 Cor. 3:10) |
Has surpassing glory (2 Cor.
3:10) |
| "Married" to the
law (Rom. 7:2,6) |
"Joined" (married)
to Christ (Rom. 7:3-4) |
| Oldness of the letter (Rom.
7:6) |
Newness of the Spirit (Rom.
7:6) |
| Provisions are shadows (Col.
2:16-17; Heb. 10:1) |
Reality found in Christ
(Col. 2:17) |
| Made nothing or no one perfect
(Heb. 7:19; 9:9; 10:1) |
Made believers perfect in
Christ (Heb. 10:14) |
| Offered no justification (Gal.
2:16; 3:11) |
Justified (declared righteous)
in Christ by faith (Gal. 2:16-17; 1 Cor. 1:30; Rom. 3:24;
5:1) |
| Yoke of slavery/bondage (Gal.
4:22,24,31; cf. Acts 15:10) |
Liberty; freedom from bondage
(Gal. 5:1; cf. 2:4; 4:22,24,26, 30-31) |
